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References Cited

(13) Adams, L. Emilie. Understanding Jamaican Patois: An Introduction to Afro-Jamaican Grammar. 1991. LMH Publishing, 1994. Print.

(12) Bailey, Beryl Loftman. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge University Press, 1966. Print.

(6) Bascaramurty, Dakshana. "Di soun in di city." The Globe and Mail, 4 August 2017, updated 12 November 2017, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/popularization-of-patois-stirs-up-complex-feelings-for-torontos-westindiancommunity/article35884529/. Accessed 2 October 2018.

(21) "Blood Fiah." Jamaican Patwah: Patois and Slang Dictionary. 25 April 2013. http://jamaicanpatwah.com/term/Blood-Fiah/916#.W9xL2ZNKiUl. Accessed 2 November 2018.

(5) Coleman, Monica A. "Serving the Spirits: The Pan-Caribbean African-Derived Religion in Nalo Hopkinson's Brown Girl in the Ring." Journal of Caribbean Literatures. University of Central Arkansas, 1-13. Humanities International Complete. Accessed 5 October 2018.

(23) Crandall, Mary. Photograph of The Awakening by Essencia Art Collective (Gilda Monreal, Elisa Monreal, and Bruno Sant'Angelo Revitte). As I Walk Toronto, WordPress, 10 November 2015. https://mcfcrandall.blog/2015/11/10/a-little-teaser/. Accessed 6 November 2018.

(20) Deuber, Dagmar. English in the Caribbean: Variation, Style and Standards in Jamaica and Trinidad. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.

(9) Fought, Carmen. Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

(1) Hopkinson, Nalo. Brown Girl in the Ring. Warner Books, 1998. Print.

(4) Hopkinson, Nalo. "A Conversation with Nalo Hopkinson." The SF Site, SF Site, 2000, www.sfsite.com/03b/nh77.htm. Accessed 3 October 2018.

(3) Hopkinson, Nalo. "FAQ." Nalo Hopkinson, Author, Bluehost, nalohopkinson.com/faq-with-some-snark.html. Accessed 3 October 2018.

(17) Lalla, Barbara. "Creole Representation in Literary Discourse." Exploring the Boundaries of Caribbean Creole Languages, edited by Hazel Simmons-McDonald and Ian Robertson. University of the West Indies Press, 2006, pp. 173-187. Print.

(8) Lalla, Barbara and Jean D'Acosta. Language in Exile: Three Hundred Years of Jamaican Creole. The University of Alabama Press, 1990. Print.

(22) Lalla, Barbara. "Possible Caribbeans: Assembling the Fictional Voice." Reassembling the Fragments: Voice and Identity in Caribbean Discourse, edited by Paula Morgan and Valerie Youssef. University of the West Indies Press, 2013. Print.

(2) Lanehart, Sonia. "The Language of Identity." Journal of English Linguistics 24.4 (1996): 322-331. SAGE Publications. Web. 3 October 2018.

(24) Messier, Linda. Cover art for Brown Girl in the Ring. African American Literature Book Club. https://aalbc.com/books/bookcover.php?isbn13=9780446674331. Accessed 6 November 2018.

(11) Munro, Martin. "The French Creoles of Trinidad and the Limits of the Francophone." French Studies LXIII.2 (2009): 174-188. Humanities International Complete. Accessed 5 October 2018.

(25) Photograph of Nalo Hopkinson. Wikipedia, 16 May 2007. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6504416. Accessed 6 November 2018.

(15) Richards, Henry. "Trinidadian Folk Usage and Standard English: A Contrastive Study." Word 26:1 (1970), 79-87. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015. Accessed 26 October 2018.

(19) Rutledge, Gregory E. "Speaking in Tongues: An Interview with Science Fiction Writer Nalo Hopkinson." African American Review 33:4, 1999, pp. 589-601. Humanities International Complete. Accessed 5 October 2018.

(18) Schneider, Edgar W. and Christian Wagner. "The variability of literary dialect in Jamaican creole: Thelwell's The Harder They Come." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21:1 (2006), pp. 45-95. Humanities International Complete. Accessed 5 October 2018.

(7) Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Accessed 22 October 2018.

(14) Solomon, Denis. The Speech of Trinidad: A Reference Grammar. University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies, 1993. Print.

(10) Winer, Lise (ed.). Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009. Print.

(16) Winford, Donald. "Sociolinguistic Approaches to Language Use in the Anglophone Caribbean." Language & the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations, edited by Marcyliena Morgan, Center for Afro-American Studies Publications, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994, pp. 43-62.

References Cited