{"id":91,"date":"2022-03-24T18:52:06","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T18:52:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/?page_id=91"},"modified":"2024-07-29T21:22:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T21:22:10","slug":"french-overseas-departments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/french-overseas-departments\/","title":{"rendered":"French Overseas Departments"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Photo from Google Image<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A French Overseas Department is a region of France that is not included within metropolitan France. However, these departments still have the same status as France\u2019s mainland regions and departments. Martinique<\/a>, the setting of the novel Texaco<\/em>, by Patrick Chamoiseau<\/a>, is a French overseas department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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History of French Overseas Expansion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beginning in the early fifteenth and sixteenth century France began to turn its colonial focus towards the \u201cNew World.\u201d France began to stake claims at all points along the eastern borders of North America including the Hudson Bay in Canada and the Antilles. The Antilles is a term referring to the islands located between North and South America. Many wars that France undertook left them without much of this conquered land in Canada and this later extended their focus south to the Caribbean Islands (Aldrich 14). This dominance of the French is a great representation of how determined they were to capture land and further their government affairs worldwide. This allowed France to take a stronger hold on the global markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Caribbean islands history has been very complicated. Merchants, Planters and Job-Seekers always have moved from one island to another or to the mainland. Until around the 19th<\/sup> century the islands were colonies of four major European empires that sought to monopolize their resources for trading (Rogozinski 170). This caused frequent wars with foreign rulers which sometimes inhibited natural trading and migration processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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West Indies \/ The Caribbean<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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Photo From Google Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

After learning about the farming conditions of the Caribbean, France began chartering companies in the early 1620\u2019s to prospect for sugar islands. France originally captured the island of Martinique in 1635, along with Guadeloupe and some of their smaller neighboring islands. French settlers worked for decades to settle the two islands. Soon after these islands were converted to colonies, the Europeans began shipping enslaved persons over from Africa (B\u00e9rard). They continued to do this for centuries, by 1831 Martinique was the home for 86,499 slaves (Rogozinski 81). There was trouble with the two islands because of their harsh terrain and landscape. However, Fort-de-France<\/a> was built over a large, enclosed bay on one of the far sides of Martinique. Overtime, the growing city became a large port for ships and imported goods to come and go. In the novel Texaco<\/em>,\u00a0Esternome<\/a>\u00a0and his daughter\u00a0Marie-Sophie<\/a>\u00a0are descendants of these enslaved individuals. This slave trade allowed the French b\u00e9k\u00e9s<\/a> to grow rich from their estates on the island. For many years slavery such as this continued to occur in multiple French territories and not just simply Martinique where the novel takes place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Change in the Colonies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The control over many of the islands and areas of the islands was fought over several times throughout the 18th<\/sup> century. The fifth great war between the British and French began in September of 1793. British forces seized French islands. In 1794, a British exploratory force with 6,000 soldiers invaded and conquered more specifically Martinique. (Rogozinski 210). Soon French troops arrived on the island under the command of Victor Hugo. French planters on Martinique managed to suppress French forces for a while to remain under British rule. As a result of this though, serious slave revolts broke out concurrently in cities all across the island (Augier et Gordon 112).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Towards the end of the 18th<\/sup>\u00a0century the First Abolition occurred which amounted to France being the first nation to abolish slavery in a territory. This was then rejected, and slavery was put back in place until May 22, 1848 (Aldrich 21). French abolitionists then gained power with a revolution, which was successful causing the government to abolish slavery and appointed a committee so ensure emancipation. By the end of that same year in 1848, the governors of the island declared all slaves free, even before formal laws were passed (Rogozinski 210). While the planters were compensated, they did not require freedmen a period of apprenticeship. This caused many of the former slaves to be left out on their own. This sprung up many emotions, the first one being if the planters would even accept this law, the second being individuals in these territories were then brought to a sort of perplexity on what to do next despite being freed. A result of these emotions cause the former slaves to flee the estates and organize and uprising and rebellious slaves killed dozens of whites. An example of this occurs in\u00a0Texaco\u00a0<\/em>where Esternome speaks to other freed individuals only to find them disappearing back into their hutches (Chamoiseau 103). Another example of this could simply be Esternome not knowing what to do with his life after being freed. Esternome never stayed in a single location for long before moving to something new. The effects of the slave population in Martinique left a crumbling economy for many years. Many of the plantations on the island crumbled including where Esternome used to work, \u201che found his old plantation throbbing under the embers. The Big Hutch had been spared, but was open to the four winds\u201d (Chamoiseau 103).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Post-Second World War<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the abolishiment of slavery, many of the French territories began to industrialize up until the second world war. This occurred due the lack of work in the farmlands as the newly freed individuals migrated towards cities for work and opportunity. Many of the freed persons took up jobs in the factories located within major cities simply because it gave them a sense of security and payment. There are many examples of this in\u00a0Texaco\u00a0<\/em>as the novel progresses. In Texaco, <\/em>Esternome moves to\u00a0Fort-de-France<\/a>\u00a0for security and a new beginning (Chamoiseau 162). Fort-de-France is later labeled as, \u201ca city that sips the joys, the pain, the thoughts, every feeling, it makes its dew out of them, which you see without being able to point to it\u201d (173).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soon after the second world war, Martinique was given the choice to choose its status in relation to France. The island of Martinique was given three choices: to continue its territorial status, become a French Department, or to become an \u201cassociation\u201d (\u201cOverseas French to Choose Status\u201d). This became a largely debated topic within Martinique and was demonstrated heavily in the novel Texaco <\/em>by Monsieur Alcibiade, \u201cthat the strong dominate the weak is a natural law\u201d (Chamoiseau 245). Martinique was granted the status of an official French Department in 1946. Looking forward at current times, there are 5 French departments including Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, R\u00e9union Island, and Mayotte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French overseas departments are territorial authorities that have been integrated into the French Republic in the same way as the departments and regions in Metropolitan France. French departments are located throughout the world and not only in the Caribbean. Overall, despite ownership, Martinique has been a staple for many centuries whether as a territory, or department and has been a key component in importing and exporting goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Works Cited<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aldrich, Robert. \u201cGreater France, A History of French Overseas Expansion.\u201d European Studies Series<\/em>, 1996, pp. 1-30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Augier, F. H., and Shirley C. Gordon. The Making of the West Indies.<\/em> Longman, 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e9rard, Beno\u00eet. \u201cMartinique.\u201d HAL Open Science<\/em>, 11 Sept. 2014, pp. 132-134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chamoiseau, Patrick. Texaco<\/em>. Trans. Rose-Myriam R\u00e9jouis & Val Vinokurov. NY: Vintage, 1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York Times. \u201cOverseas French to Choose Status.\u201d New York Times<\/em>, 20 July 1958, p. 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rogozinski, Jan. \u201cA Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and the Carib to the Present.\u201d Facts On File, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Editorial Collective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jonah Krieg, Erin Gheen, Jenna Martin, Anna Wolter, Dhruv Gheewala, Asha Sangoi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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D\u00e9partement Fran\u00e7ais D’Outre-Mer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un d\u00e9partement fran\u00e7ais d’outre-mer est une r\u00e9gion de France qui ne fait pas parti dans la France m\u00e9tropolitaine. Cependant, ces d\u00e9partements conservent le m\u00eame statut que les r\u00e9gions et d\u00e9partements m\u00e9tropolitains. La Martinique, d\u00e9cor du roman Texaco, de Patrick Chamoiseau, est un d\u00e9partement fran\u00e7ais d’outre-mer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Histoire de L’Expansion Fran\u00e7aise Outre-Mer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 partir du d\u00e9but des 15 et 16 si\u00e8cles, la France a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 tourner son orientation vers le \u201cNouveau Monde.\u201d La France a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 jalonner des revendications sur tous les points le long des fronti\u00e8res orientales de l’Am\u00e9rique du Nord, y compris la baie d’Hudson au Canada et les Antilles. Les Antilles sont un terme d\u00e9signant les \u00eeles situ\u00e9es entre l’Am\u00e9rique du Nord et l’Am\u00e9rique du Sud. De nombreuses guerres que la France a entreprises les ont laiss\u00e9s sans une grande partie de cette terre conquise au Canada et cela a ensuite \u00e9tendu leur concentration vers le sud jusqu’aux \u00eeles des Cara\u00efbes (Aldrich 14). Le domination des Fran\u00e7ais est une excellente repr\u00e9sentation de leur d\u00e9termination \u00e0 capturer des terres et \u00e0 faire avance leurs affaires gouvernementales dans le monde entier. Cela a permis \u00e0 la France de mieux s’implanter sur les march\u00e9s mondiaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’histoire des \u00eeles des Cara\u00efbes a \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s compliqu\u00e9e. Les commer\u00e7ants, les planteurs et les demandeurs d’emploi se sont toujours d\u00e9plac\u00e9s d’une \u00eele \u00e0 l’autre ou vers le continent. Jusqu’au 19 si\u00e8cle environ, les \u00eeles \u00e9taient des colonies de quatre grands empires europ\u00e9ens qui cherchaient \u00e0 monopoliser leurs ressources pour le commerce (Rogozinski170). Cela a provoqu\u00e9 de fr\u00e9quentes guerres avec des dirigeants \u00e9trangers qui ont parfois inhib\u00e9 les processus naturels de commerce et de migration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antilles\/Caraibes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir pris connaissance des conditions agricoles des Caraibes, la France a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 affr\u00e9ter des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9 1620 pour prospecter les \u00eeles \u00e0 sucre. La France a initialement captur\u00e9 l’\u00eele de la Martinique en 1635, que la Guadeloupe et certaines de leurs petites \u00eeles voisines. Les colons fran\u00e7ais ont travaill\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies pour coloniser les deux \u00eeles. Peu de temps apr\u00e8s la conversion de ces \u00eeles en colonies, les Europ\u00e9ens ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 exp\u00e9dier des esclaves d’Afrique (B\u00e9rard). Ils ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 le faire pendant des si\u00e8cles, en 1831, la Martinique abritait 86,499 esclaves (Rogozinski 81). Il y avait des probl\u00e8mes avec les deux \u00eeles en raison de leur terrain et de leur paysage difficiles. Cependant, Fort-de-France a \u00e9t\u00e9 construit sur une grande baie ferm\u00e9e sur l’un des c\u00f4t\u00e9s les plus \u00e9loign\u00e9s de l’\u00eele. Au fil du temps, la ville en pleine croissance est devenue un grand port pour les navires et les marchandises import\u00e9es. Dans le roman Texaco, Esternome et sa fille Marie-Sophie sont les descendants de ces esclaves. Cette traite des esclaves a permis aux b\u00e9k\u00e9s fran\u00e7ais de s’enrichir de leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sur l’\u00eele. Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, un tel esclavage a continu\u00e9 de se produire dans plusieurs territoires fran\u00e7ais et pas seulement en Martinique o\u00f9 se d\u00e9roule le roman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changement dans Les Colonies:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le contr\u00f4le des \u00eeles a \u00e9t\u00e9 disput\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises tout au long du 18 si\u00e8cle. Le cinqui\u00e8me grand \u00e9tait entre les Britanniques et les Fran\u00e7ais a commenc\u00e9 en septembre 1793. Les forces britanniques ont saisi les \u00eeles fran\u00e7aises. En 1794, une force d’exploration britannique avec 6,000 soldats envahit et conquit la Martinique (Rogozinski, 210). Bient\u00f4t les troupes fran\u00e7aises arrivent sur l’\u00eele sous le commandement de Victor Hugo. Les planteurs fran\u00e7ais de la Martinique ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 r\u00e9primer les forces fran\u00e7aises pendant un certain temps pour rester sous la domination britannique. En cons\u00e9quence, de graves r\u00e9voltes d’esclaves \u00e9clatent simultan\u00e9ment dans les villes de toute l’\u00eele (Augier et Gordon 112).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La fin du 18 si\u00e8cle eut lieu la Premi\u00e8re Abolition qui revenait \u00e0 ce que la France soit la premi\u00e8re nation \u00e0 abolir l’esclavage sur un territoire. Celle-ci fut alors rejet\u00e9e, et l’esclavage fut remis en place jusqu’au 22 mai 1848 (Aldrich 21). Les abolitionnistes fran\u00e7ais ont ensuite pris le pouvoir avec une r\u00e9volution, qui a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 amener le gouvernement \u00e0 abolir l’esclavage et \u00e0 nommer un comit\u00e9 pour assurer l’\u00e9mancipation. Si les propri\u00e9taires \u00e9taient indemnis\u00e9s, ils n’exigeaient pas aux affranchis une p\u00e9riode d’apprentissage. Cela a fait que beaucoup d’anciens esclaves ont \u00e9t\u00e9 laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 eux-m\u00eames, Cela a suscit\u00e9 de nombreuses \u00e9motions, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tant si les planteurs accepteraient m\u00eame cette loi, la seconde \u00e9tant que les individus de ces territoires ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9s \u00e0 une sorte de perplexit\u00e9 sur que faire ensuite malgr\u00e9 sa lib\u00e9ration. Le r\u00e9sultat de ces \u00e9motions a pouss\u00e9 les anciens esclaves \u00e0 fuir les domaines et \u00e0 s’organiser et les esclaves rebelles et rebelles ont tu\u00e9 des dizaines de blancs. \u00c0 la fin de cette m\u00eame ann\u00e9e en 1848, les gouverneurs de l’\u00eele ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 tous les esclaves libres, avant m\u00eame que des lois formelles ne soient adopt\u00e9es (Rogozinski,210). Un exemple de cela se produit \u00e0 Texaco o\u00f9 Esternome ne parle \u00e0 d’autres individus lib\u00e9r\u00e9s que pour les retrouver en train de dispara\u00eetre dans leurs clapiers (Chamoiseau 103). Un autre exemple de cela pourrait simplement \u00eatre Esternome ne sachant pas quoi faire de sa vie apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9r\u00e9. Esternome n’est jamais rest\u00e9 longtemps au m\u00eame endroit avant de passer \u00e0 quelque chose de nouveau. Les effets de la population esclave en Martinique ont laiss\u00e9 une \u00e9conomie en ruine pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. De nombreuses plantations de l’\u00eele se sont effondr\u00e9es, y compris l\u00e0 o\u00f9 travaillait Esternome, “il a retrouv\u00e9 sa vieille plantation palpitante sous les braises. La Grande Huche avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9pargn\u00e9e, mais \u00e9tait ouverte aux quatre vents\u201d (Chamoiseau 103).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre Mondiale:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s cette abolition de l’esclavage, de nombreux territoires ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s’industrialiser jusqu’\u00e0 la seconde guerre mondiale. Cela s’est produit en raison du manque de travail dans les terres agricoles alors que les individus nouvellement lib\u00e9r\u00e9s migraient vers les villes pour trouver du travail et des opportunit\u00e9s. Beaucoup de personnes lib\u00e9r\u00e9es ont pris des emplois dans les usines situ\u00e9es dans les grandes villes simplement parce que cela leur donnait un sentiment de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de paiement. Il y a de nombreux exemples de cela dans Texaco au fur et \u00e0 mesure que le roman progresse. \u00c0 la page 162, Esternome d\u00e9m\u00e9nage \u00e0 Fort-de-France pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et un nouveau d\u00e9part. Fort-de-France est plus tard \u00e9tiquet\u00e9e comme “une ville qui sirote les joies, les peines, les pens\u00e9es, tous les sentiments, elle en fait sa ros\u00e9e, que vous voyez sans pouvoir la d\u00e9signer” (Chamoiseau 173).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, la Martinique a eu le choix de choisir son statut par rapport \u00e0 la France. L’\u00eele de la Martinique s’est vue offrir trois choix, conserver son statut territorial, devenir un d\u00e9partement fran\u00e7ais ou devenir une association (New York Times : Overseas French to Choose Status). Cela est devenu un sujet largement d\u00e9battu en Martinique et a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 dans le roman de Monsieur Alcibiade, “que le fort domine le faible est une loi naturelle” (Chamoiseau 245). La Martinique a obtenu le statut de d\u00e9partement fran\u00e7ais officiel en 1946. \u00c0 l’heure actuelle, il existe 5 d\u00e9partements fran\u00e7ais, la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane fran\u00e7aise, la R\u00e9union et Mayotte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les d\u00e9partements fran\u00e7ais d’outre-mer sont des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales int\u00e9gr\u00e9es \u00e0 la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise au m\u00eame titre que les d\u00e9partements et les r\u00e9gions m\u00e9tropolitaines. Les d\u00e9partements fran\u00e7ais sont situ\u00e9s dans le monde entier et seulement dans les Cara\u00efbes. Dans l’ensemble, malgr\u00e9 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9, la Martinique a \u00e9t\u00e9 un aliment de base pendant de nombreux si\u00e8cles, que ce soit en tant que territoire ou d\u00e9partement, et a \u00e9t\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment dans l’importation et l’exportation de marchandises.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction A French Overseas Department is a region of France that is not included within metropolitan France. However, these departments still have the same status as France\u2019s mainland regions and departments. Martinique, the setting of the novel Texaco, by Patrick Chamoiseau, is a French overseas department. History of French Overseas Expansion Beginning in the early fifteenth and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sb_is_suggestion_mode":false,"_sb_show_suggestion_boards":false,"_sb_show_comment_boards":false,"_sb_suggestion_history":"","_sb_update_block_changes":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21,14,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-91","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-capitalism","category-colonialism","category-places"],"yoast_head":"\nFrench Overseas Departments - Texaco Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/french-overseas-departments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"French Overseas Departments - Texaco Wiki\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction A French Overseas Department is a region of France that is not included within metropolitan France. 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