{"id":76,"date":"2022-03-24T18:50:14","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T18:50:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/?page_id=76"},"modified":"2024-07-29T21:24:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T21:24:40","slug":"biblical-references","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/biblical-references\/","title":{"rendered":"Biblical References"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2023\/03\/antique-gf194de5d9_640-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-885\" width=\"320\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2023\/03\/antique-gf194de5d9_640-2.jpg 640w, https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/67\/2023\/03\/antique-gf194de5d9_640-2-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Texaco<\/em>, written by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/patrick-chamoiseau\/\">Patrick Chamosieau<\/a>, provides a tale concerning the culture and life of people in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/martinique\/\">Martinique<\/a>, through the storytelling of fictional character&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/marie-sophie-laborieux\/\">Marie Sophie<\/a>. One of the several ways the story is foretold is through the use of Biblical references. Although, there are multiple lenses that can be placed on this novel. This article will concern how these references are used within <em>Texaco <\/em>specifically the overall structure of the text, descriptions of evil, sin and idealism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>STRUCTURE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When performing an overview of the layout and section names of <em>Texaco<\/em>, each section provides reference to the Bible.\u00a0There are multiple excerpts from Marie-Sophie\u2019s journal found within the novel which is notable to the red text found in the Bible when Jesus spoke in parables or of His own testimony. Although the excerpts are distinguished in different ways, each author makes note to distinguish these texts from the body of the book. Concerning the reasoning for Marie-Sophie\u2019s excerpts to be set apart in this way, could be due to herself being a savior for Texaco. She shared her testimony with others in the town, many who were a part of the testimony and the experiences within her own family aided in the building of Texaco. In this way, Marie-Sophie is sharing her own message or gospel as Jesus did. Since Marie-Sophie was such an impactful character within the town of Texaco, it makes sense to have her writings set apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Texaco<\/em>&nbsp;opens to \u201cThe Annunciation,\u201d when the urban planner, who is referenced as Christ, comes to the settlement of Texaco. In the Bible, the Annunciation describes the angels telling Mary of Jesus\u2019 resurrection. To seek further knowledge on this subject, see Luke 1:26-38 (Coogan). At the beginning of the New Testament in the Bible, the gospels: Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John approach the stories of Jesus from differing perspectives. There are multiple different sightings of \u201cthe Christ\u201d in<em>&nbsp;Texaco<\/em>, similar to the gospels, documented encounters of the planner with differing people in the town of <em>Texaco<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a segment of the text within <em>Texaco <\/em>titled \u201cThe Sermon of Marie Sophie.\u201d While a majority of the population may think of a sermon as a teaching from a pastor or priest, two of Jesus\u2019s most famous teachings are referenced as sermons. \u201cThe Sermon On the Mount\u201d, see Matthew 5-7, and \u201cThe Sermon On the Plain\u201d, see Luke 6:20-49, are ethical and moral teachings from Jesus Christ to His disciples and followers (Coogan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The final section <em>Texaco <\/em>is titled \u201cThe Resurrection\u201d which can be directly referred to as Jesus rising from the dead and his ascension to heaven. Similarly, within this section, author Chamosieau fondly remembers Marie-Sophie. Although <em>Texaco <\/em>is fictional, if <a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/oiseau-de-cham\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"118\">Chamosieau\u2019s alter ego<\/a> had not met Marie-Sophie and written her story, these experiences would have died with her and her family. Coinciding with Jesus Christ\u2019s resurrection, the tales told by Marie-Sophie and her family\u2019s lives brings resurrection, amplification, and truth. By the record of experiences of Marie Sophie\u2019s story allows the gain of new life through her stories getting passed on to the people that choose to read the parables of her life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SIN, EVIL, AND REVELATION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout the novel, ideas of evil and sin are described using references to the Bible. Often these topics are tied to the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/bekes\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"535\" target=\"_blank\">b\u00e9k\u00e9s<\/a>, or owners of enslaved persons, and later, the factories they ran. For example, Esternome describes the factories within the town, \u201cOh, the Factory gasped like a seven-headed Beast\u201d (Chamoiseau 140). Within the book Revelation of the Bible, the word transcribes that there will be a beast that challenges Jesus in the end times and The Battle of Armageddon (Coogan).\u00a0The beast, who is seven-headed, will be called the Antichrist. However, in Daniel 7, four beasts are described (Coogan). When their features combined, they are identical to the Antichrist. Within the book of Daniel in the Bible, these beasts are interpreted as the evil empires and kings on Earth who commit sin instead of following God\u2019s will. When comparing these factors to the factories and b\u00e9kes described in <em>Texaco<\/em>, they could be interpreted as the Antichrist. For they commit sin and hold power over enslaved persons, stealing their freedom and committing sin against God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IDEALISM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the enslaved persons become free, many of the people, including Marie-Sophie\u2019s father&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/esternome-laborieux\/\">Esternome<\/a>, flee to the idealistic hills to build their own lives (Texaco). The village in the hills becomes a fantasy, separated from the rest of the world, to live free of the destruction and desolation brought by slavery. This coincides to the Garden of Eden in Genesis of the Bible (Coogan). The Garden of Eden, where Adam and Eve coexist before they commit the first sin, is a place of idealism. It is separated from the outside world, with ample amounts of everything they could ever need. Adam and Eve experienced spiritual harmony and walked alongside God. Escaping the bondage of slavery, experiencing freedom, creating an idealistic world on the terms of Esternome and other enslaved persons relates to this idea of idealism within the Bible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AFRICAN RELIGION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When reading Caribbean history, it is important to be knowledgeable about the blending of African religions with Christianity. For example,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/le-code-noir-black-code\/\">enslaved persons<\/a>\u00a0within Jamaica would adopt Catholic saints names, similar to their African Orishas, as a cover to continue their religious worship (Rodriguez). Over time, these religions became blended together into new religions that are unique to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/creolization\/\">Creole culture<\/a>. Within <em>Texaco, <\/em>we see the influence of figures called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.siue.edu\/texacowiki\/mentoh\/\">Mentohs<\/a>, which are related to healing and wisdom. This same concept of a Mentoh is commonly attached to voodoo belief systems. In Africa, there are specific persons that use voodoo to show healing abilities to both the body and mental health patterns (Gustafson). There is not an established name for these figures within voodoo practices, although, those performing the healing are often the appointed leaders to perform or lead seances. Voodoo is also a strong religious practice shown within the text of <em>Texaco<\/em> which is often referenced as witchcraft within the Christian faith (Pierre). Therefore, as readers, we must recognize that the presence of African religions may have an effect on the biblical references used, which only a native of Martinique could interpret.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Works Cited<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bernstein, Richard. \u201cHistory and Race Seasoned by Magic and Reality in an Epic of Martinique.\u201d&nbsp;<em>The New York Times&nbsp;<\/em>(1997).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chamoiseau, Patrick.&nbsp;<em>Texaco<\/em>. Trans. Rose-Myriam R\u00e9jouis &amp; Val Vinokurov. NY: Vintage, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Coogan, Michael D.&nbsp;<em>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha_ New Revised Standard Version<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gustafson, Marilyne B. &#8220;Western voodoo: Providing mental health care to Haitian refugees.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services<\/em>&nbsp;27.12 (1989): 22-25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Knepper, Wendy.&nbsp;<em>Patrick Chamoiseau: A Critical Introduction<\/em>. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pierre, Roland. &#8220;Caribbean religion: The voodoo case.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Sociological Analysis<\/em>&nbsp;38.1 (1977): 25-36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rodriguez, Omar.&nbsp;<em>Afrocuban Religion and Syncretism with the Catholic Religion<\/em>. n.d. 25 04 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Editorial Collective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mickenzie Bass, Hope Chulka, Dominique Obispo, Allison Rieser, LaRae Bigard, Anyah Lyons, Baillie Rabideau<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>INTRODUCTION Texaco, written by&nbsp;Patrick Chamosieau, provides a tale concerning the culture and life of people in&nbsp;Martinique, through the storytelling of fictional character&nbsp;Marie Sophie. One of the several ways the story is foretold is through the use of Biblical references. Although, there are multiple lenses that can be placed on this novel. 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