ke 'give birth', 'be born'

1. tang di pomo-ki ke-song
yesterday PROX woman/girl-ERG give.birth-PST
'Yesterday the woman gave birth.'

Note: -ki is necessary

2.  tang di pomo-ki pomo ke-song
yesterday PROX woman-ERG girl give.birth-PST
'Yesterday the woman gave birth to a girl.'

Note: -ki is necessary, -la is impossible

3. sjama dhunda-la di pomo-ki ke-kere
next sake.of-LOC PROX woman-ERG give.birth-NPST
'The woman will give birth next week.'

Note: -ki is necessary

4. sjama dhunda-la di pomo-ki pomo ke-kere
next sake.of-LOC PROX woman-ERG girl birth-NPST
'The woman will give birth to a girl next week.'

Note: -ki is necessary, -la impossible

5. di pomo-ki tuku sum ke-song
PROX girl-ERG child three give.birth-PST
'The woman gave birth to three children.'

Note: -ki is necessary, -la is impossible

6. tuku sum ke-song
child three be.born-PST
'Three children were born.'

Note: -ki is impossible; it seems that the argument structure determines the specific lexical semantics of the verb here?

7. sjama dhawa-la tuku tsi ke-kere
next month-LOC child one be.born-NPST
'A child will be born next month.'

Note absolutive marking here

8. pomo tsi su-ki ke-song? Q
girl one who-ERG give.birth-PST
'Who gave birth to a girl?'

Note: -ki is necessary on 'su', but absolutive only on pomo tsi

9. di pomo-ki pomo tsi ke-song A
PROX woman-ERG girl one give.birth-PST
'The woman gave birth to a girl.'

10. di pomo-ki su-la ke-song? Q
PROX woman-ERG who-DAT give.birth-PST
'Who did the woman give birth to?'

Note: -la is necessary in this particular case

11. di pomo-ki pomo tsi ke-song A
PROX woman-ERG girl one give.birth-PST
'The woman gave birth to a girl.'

Note: the answer does not allow -la

12. di pomo-ki su ke-song? Q
PROX woman-ERG who be.born-PST
'Who was born to the woman?'

13. di pomo-ki pomo tsi ke-song A
PROX woman-ERG girl one be.born-PST
'A girl was born to the woman'

Note: only -ki on woman--I guess it translates as 'the woman gave birth to a girl'; I was looking for a more passive-type construction, but this is all that Sangdo will allow. There was some prolonged discussion surrounding these two particular examples (12-13).

lep 'arrive'

14. tang nga hjambu-la lep-song
yesterday 1 KTM-LOC arrive-PST
'I arrived in KTM yesterday.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

15. tang ngija hambu-la lep-song
yesterday 2PL KTM-LOC arrive-PST
'Yesterday we arrived in KTM.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

16. tang khe hjambu-la lep-song
yesterday 2 KTM-LOC arrive-PST
'You(SG) arrived in KTM yesterday.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

17. tang kho hjambu-la lep-song
yesterday 3 KTM-LOC arrive-PST
'Yesterday s/he arrived in KTM.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

18. ngato nga hjambula lep-kere
tomorrow 1 KTM-LOC arrive-NPST
'I will arrive in KTM tomorrow.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

19. ngato ngija hjambu-la lep-kere
tomorrow 1PL KTM-LOC arrive-NPST
'Tomorrow we will arrive in KTM.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

20. ngato khe hjambu-la lep-kere
tomorrow 2 KTM-LOC arrive-NPST
'Tomorrow you(SG) will arrive in KTM.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

21. kho ngato hjambu-la kep-kere
3 tomorrow KTM-LOC arrive-NPST
'Tomorrow s/he will arrive in KTM.'

Note: -ki is impossible, -la is necessary

22. nga phimu lep-song
1 late arrive-PST
'I arrived late.'

Note: -ki is impossible

23. ngi phimu lep-song
1PL late arrive-PST
'We arrived late.'

Note: -ki is impossible

24. khe phimu lep-song
2 late arrive-PST
'You(SG) arrived late.'

Note: -ki is impossible

25. kho phimu lep-song
3 late arrive-PST
'S/he arrived late.'

Note: -ki is impossible

26. di pomo lep-song
PROX girl arrive-PST
'The girl arrived.'

Note: -ki is impossible

27. ngato di pomo lep-kere
tomorrow PROX girl arrive-NPST
'Tomorrow the girl will arrive.'

Note: -ki is impossible

28. di namtu lep-song
PROX plane arrive-PST
'The plane arrived.'

Note: -ki is impossible, and note the Gyalsumdo word now being used for 'plane'

29. di namtu lep-kere
PROX plane arrive-NPST
'The plane will arrive.'

Note: -ki is impossible

30. su lep-song? Q
who arrive-PST
'Who arrived?'

Note: -ki is impossible

31. di pomo lep-song A
PROX girl arrive-PST
'The girl arrived.'

Note: -ki is impossible

thu 'meet'

32. tang nga(-ki) khe-la thu-song
yesterday 1 2-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday I met you(SG).'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

33. tang ngi(-ki) khe-la thu-song
yesterday 1PL(-ERG) 2-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday we met you(SG)'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

34. tang khe(-ki) nga-la thu-song
yesterday 2(-LOC) 1-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday you(SG) met me.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

35. tang kho(-ki) khe-la thu-song
yesterday 3(-ERG) 2-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday s/he met you(SG).'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

36. ngato nga(-ki) khe-la thu-kere
tomorrow 1(-ERG) 2-LOC meet-NPST
'TOmorrow I will meet you(SG).'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

37. ngato ngija(-ki) khe-la thu-kere
tomorrow 1PL(-ERG) 2-LOC meet-NPST
'Tomorrow we will meet you.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

38. ngato nga(-ki) di pomo-la thu-kere
tomorrow 1(-ERG) PROX girl-LOC meet-NPST
'Tomorrow I will meet the girl.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

39. ngato di pomo(-ki) di pitsa-la thu-kere
tomorrow PROX girl(-ERG) PROX boy-LOC meet-NPST
'Tomorrow the girl will meet the boy.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

40. tang nga(-ki) di pomo-la thu-song
yesterday 1(-ERG) PROX girl-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday I met the girl.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

41. tang di pomo(-ki) di pitsa-la thu-song
yesterday PROX girl(-ERG) PROX boy-LOC meet-PST
'Yesterday the girl met the boy.'

Note: -ki is optional, -la is necessary

42. tang ngija(-ki) thu-song
yesterday 1PL(-ERG) meet-PST
Yesterday we met.'

Note: -ki is optional

43. tang khoja(-ki) thu-song
yesterday 3PL(-ERG) meet-PST
'Yesterday they met.'

Note: -ki is optional

44. pitsa-la su-ki thu-song? Q
boy-LOC who-ERG meet-PST
'Who met the boy?'

Note, in this instance -ki is necessary

45. di pomo-ki di pitsa-la thu-song A
PROX girl-ERG PROX boy-LOC meet-PST
'The girl met the boy.'

Note, in this instance both -ki and -la are necessary

46. di pomo-ki su-la thu-song? Q
PROX girl-ERG who-LOC meet-PST
'Who did the girl meet?'

Note in this instance, both -ki and -la are necessary

47. di pomo-ki di pitsa-la thu-song A
PROX girl-ERG PROX boy-LOC meet-PST
'The girl met the boy.'

Note in this instance, both -ki and -la are necessary

48. di pomo-ki di pitsa-la tshi tshe-song? Q
PROX girl-ERG PROX boy-LOC what do-PST
'What did the girl do to the boy?'

Note in this instance, both -ki and -la are necessary

49. di pomo-ki di pitsa-la thu-song A
PROX girl-ERG PROX boy-LOC meet-PST
'The girl met the boy.'

Note in this instance, both -ki and -la are necessary