Notes Gyalsumdo 9 july2013
1. nga tokhe
  I go.

* ngaki tokhe
* nga thongge

2. ngaki khela thongsum
   I-ERG you-DAT see-PST
   I saw you.

3. nga khelahjala thongsum
   I   you(pl)-DAT see-PST
   I saw you(pl).

4. nga khola thongsum
   I    him/her-DAT see-PST
   I saw him/her.

5. nga khohjala thongsum
   I   him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   I saw them.

6. ngijaki khela thongsum
   we-ERG  you-DAT see-PST
   We saw you.

7. ngijaki khejala  thongsum
   we-ERG  you(pl)-DAT see-PST
   WE saw you(pl).

8. ngijaki khola thongsum
   we-ERG  him/her-DAT see-PST
   We saw him/her.

9. ngijaki khojala thongsum
   we-ERG  him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   We saw them.

10.kheki ngala thongsum
   you-ERG me-DAT see-PST
   You saw me.

*khe(ki) -ki is compulsory.

11.kheki ngijala thongsum
   you-ERG us-DAT see-PST
   You saw us.

12.kheki khola thongsum
   you-ERG him/her-DAT see-PST
   You saw him/her.

13.kheki khojala thongsum
   you-ERG him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   You saw them.

14.kherangki ngala thongsum
   you(pl)-ERG me-DAT see-PST
   You(pl) saw me.


15.khirajaki khola thongsum
   you(Pl)-ERG him/her-DAT see-PST
   You(pl) saw him/her.

16.khirajaki khojala thongsum
   you(pl)-ERG him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   You(pl) saw them.


17.khoki ngala thongsum
   s/he-ERG me-DAT see-PST
   s/he saw me.

18.khoki ngijala thongsum
   s/he-ERG us-DAT see-PST
   S/he saw us.

19.khoki khela thongsum
   s/he-ERG you-DAT see-PST
   S/he saw you.

20.khoki khejala thongsum
   s/he-ERG you(pl)-DAT see-PST 
   She saw you(pl).

21.khoki khola thongsum
   s/he-ERG him/her-DAT see-PST
   S/he saw him/her.

22.khoki khojala thongsum
   s/he  him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   S/he saw them.

23.khojaki ngala thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG me-DAT see-PST
   They saw me.

24.khojaki ngijala thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG us-DAT see-PST
   They saw us.

25.khojaki khela thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG you-DAT see-PST
   They saw you.

26.khojaki khejala thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG you(pl)-DAT see-PST
   They saw you(pl).

27.khojaki khola thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG him/her-DAT see-PST
   They saw him/her.

28.khojaki khojala thongsum
   s/he(pl)-ERG him/her(pl)-DAT see-PST
   They saw them

  khoja ngala thongsum
  s/he(pl) me-DAT see-PST
  They saw me.
(ki) optional,but sometimes there is confusion if (ki)is absent.

We didnot elicite you(pl) saw us.


29.pemaki tsiringla thongsum
   pema-ERG tsiring-DAT see-PST
   Pema saw Tsiring.


  (ki)-without (ki) it is not correct.
  (la) is very important.


30.di miki tsiringla thongsum
   this man-ERG tsiring-DAT see-PST
   This man saw the tsiring.

 
  di miki tsiringla thongsum
  this man-ERG tsiring-DAT see-PST
  This man saw tsiring.


31.di kjubuki tsiringla thongsum
   this dog-ERG tsiring-DAT see-PST
   This dog saw tsiring.

  with out (ki) not preferable.

32.kjubuki tsiringla thongsum
   dog-ERG tsiring see-PST
   A dog saw tsiring.

without (ki) also possible.

33.miki tsiringla thongsum
   man-ERG tsiring-DAT see-PST
   A man saw tsiring.

(la) is compulsory but (ki) is optional.


34.pemaki tsiringla thongyong
   pema-ERG tsiring-DAT see-FUT
   Pema will see tsiring.

(ki)-is prefered.

35.mikhoki tsiringla thongyong
   man-DEF-ERG tsiring-DAT see-FUT
   The man will see tsiring.

di miki also ok.
thonggere also ok.

36.di kjubuki tsiringla thongyong
   this dog-ERG tsiring-DAT see-FUT
   This dog will see tsiring.

  (ki) is preferable.

37.kjubuki tsiringla thonggere
   dog-ERG tsiring-DAT see-FUT
  A dog will see tsiring.

thonggere/thongyong both ok.

38.miki tsiringla thonggere
   man-ERG tsiring-DAT see-FUT
   A man will see tsiring.

thongyong also possible.
(ki) is preferable.

39.suki kjubula thongsum?
   who-ERG dog-DAT see-PST
   Who saw the dog?

(ki)- is optional.
(ki)- is emphasis.

40.pemaki kjubula thongsum
   pema-ERG dog-DAT see-PST
   Pema saw the dog.

(ki)- is optional.

41.pemaki tsi thongsum?
   pema-ERG what see-PST
   What did Pema see?

(ki)- is optinal.
(la)- is not possible

42.Ans:pemaki kjubu thongsum
       pema-ERG dog see-PST
   Pema saw a dog.

*pemaki kjubula thongsum
(la)-is not possible.

43.pemaki tsi tshesum?
   pema-ERG what do-PST 
   What did Pema do?

(ki)- is optional.

44.Ans:pemaki kjubu thongsum
      pema-ERG dog see-PST
   Pema saw a dog.

pemaki kjubula thongsum

(la) is better.

45.pemaki kjubula tsi tshesum?
   pema-ERG dog-DAT what do-PST
   What did Pema do the dog?

46.Ans:pemaki kjubula thongsum
       pema-ERG dog-DAT see-PST
       Pema saw the dog.

pemaki kjubu thingsum

(la)- is better.